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小孩子書念得越多,卻越來愈沒有創造力?

1960年代,George Land教授幫NASA美國太空總署發展出一套創造力測驗,用來篩選具有高度創造力的工程師與科學家。測驗篩選的效果奇佳。到了1968年,他們開始把這測驗拓展到全美1,600名3-5歲的兒童身上,並且每五年追蹤一次。

結果很驚人,在5歲時,高達98%孩子的創造力指數落在「Genius Level」,然而經過學校教育的洗禮,十歲時只剩下30%,15歲時只剩下12%。實驗同時也測試了30歲左右的成人,則僅有2%的水平。

學校教育多半教的是聚斂性思考 (convergent thinking), 針對一個具體的問題,去尋找一個可以接受的最佳答案。鼓勵最佳解法,用有效率可重複驗證的方式去解決已知的問題。

擴散性思考 (divergent thinking)則是另一種重要的思考方式,讓孩子去想像全新的事物,在模糊的狀態當中去多方嘗試,探索未知的領域,並且從中創造出各種獨特可能性。

孩子需要這兩種思維能力,但往往在教育過程當中失衡了。對於兒童啟蒙教育有想法的爸媽,要試著去鼓勵孩子做擴散性思考,避免「這我早就知道了」、「這個沒有用啦」的思維與對話。

Evidence that children become less creative over time (and how to fix it)

Professor George Land gives an inspiring TED talk into his research of creativity in children and adults, with some shocking findings about how creativity levels change throughout a child’s life.

Watch the video above, and then see the discussion below.
The nature vs nurture debate is one that is ongoing and many studies have been conducted around it. One famous one is George Land’s Creativity Test, which he outlines in his new book Breakpoint and Beyond.

In 1968, George Land (with Beth Jarman) conducted a research study to test the creativity of 1,600 children ranging in ages from three-to-five years old who were enrolled in a Head Start program. This was the same creativity test he devised for NASA to help select innovative engineers and scientists. The assessment worked so well he decided to try it on children. He re-tested the same children at 10 years of age, and again at 15 years of age (a longitudinal study).

The test was to look at a problem and come up with new, different, innovative ideas
The results were astounding. The proportion of people who scored at the “Genius Level”, were:
amongst 5 year olds: 98%
amongst 10 year olds: 30%
amongst 15 year olds: 12%
Same test given to 280,000 adults (average age of 31): 2%

According to Land, the primary reason for this is that there are two types of thinking processes when it comes to creativity:

Convergent thinking: where you judge ideas, criticise them, refine them, combine them and improve them, all of which happens in your conscious thought

Divergent thinking: where you imagine new ideas, original ones which are different from what has come before but which may be rough to start with, and which often happens subconsciously

He notes that throughout school, we are teaching children to try and use both kinds of thinking at the same time, which is impossible.

Competing neurons in the brain will be fighting each other, and it is as if your mind is having a shouting match with itself.

Instead of this, Land suggests we need to allow people to split their thinking processes into the various different states, to make each of them more effective.

It’s something which all of my own learning strongly correlates with as well, and which I speak about in my own lectures.

So if you want your child to retain their ability and desire to be creative, encourage them to let their mind run free while they come up with ideas, and only afterwards to sit down, evaluate them and start working on the ones they think are the best.
Do you like insights into creativity like this?

原文連結:https://www.ideatovalue.com/crea/nickskillicorn/2016/08/evidence-children-become-less-creative-time-fix/

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